2^nd World Congress on Eye and Vision November 19-20, 2018 Cape Town, South Africa

Pediatric ophthalmology plays a role in visual development, eye diseases, and vision care in children. Pediatric ophthalmologists typically also manage adults with eye movement disorders (such as nystagmus or strabismus) due to their familiarity with strabismus conditions. Pediatric ophthalmologists are those who had practiced at least 4 years of medical school, at least 3 additional years of residency training in ophthalmology, one year of medical or surgical internship, at least 1 additional year of fellowship training in pediatric ophthalmology. They can treat, diagnose, and manage all children’s eye problems like perform eye surgeries, diagnose visual processing disorders, eye exams, care for eye injuries and can prescribe eyeglasses and contact lenses.

Neuro-ophthalmology concentrates on contaminations of the sensory system that influence vision, control of eye developments, or pupillary reflexes. Neuro-ophthalmologists frequently see patients with complex multi-framework infection and "zebras" are not remarkable. Neuro-ophthalmologists are regularly dynamic educators in their scholastic organization. Neuro-ophthalmology is generally non-procedural. Neuro-ophthalmologists might be prepared to perform eye muscle surgery to treat grown-up strabismus, optic nerve fenestration for idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and botulinum infusions for blepharospasm or hemi facial fit. Neuro-ophthalmologists deal with visual issues that are identified with the sensory system; that is, visual issues that don't originate from the eyes themselves. Neuro-ophthalmology combines both neurology and ophthalmology which requires particular preparing and ability in issues of the eye, mind, nerves and muscles. Neuro-ophthalmologists complete 5 years of clinical preparing after therapeutic school and are typically board confirmed in Neurology, Ophthalmology, or both.

Glaucoma is an eye disease which results in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss. Globally, about 6 to 67 million people have glaucoma. It mainly occurs to the older people. The most common type glaucoma is open-angle glaucoma and the less common type includes closed-angle glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma. The main causes of glaucoma are dietary, ethnicity, genetics. Increase in caffeine causes intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma, but does not appear to affect normal individuals. The modern goals of glaucoma management are to avoid glaucomatous damage and nerve damage, and preserve visual field and total quality of life for patients, with minimal side effects.

Ophthalmic genetics includes determination of patterns and risks of inheritance and development of treatments for genetic diseases. Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children worldwide and results in a well-recognized ocular phenotype. It is also includes the several technique in correcting the defective gene by using application of biotechnology techniques such as gene therapy. Ophthalmic genetics or ophthalmic gene therapy can process through by following methods like ocular gene transfer methods. They have been several diseases which have been cured by gene therapy like retinitis pigmentosa and ARMD.

Ocular oncology or Eye neoplasm can be a benign tumor or a malignant tumor (cancer). It can affect all parts of the eyes. Eye cancers can be primary (starts within the eye) or metastatic cancer (spread to the eye from another organ). With newer technologies, the eye salvage rate has increased tremendously.

The cornea is the transparent tissue that covers the front of the eye. It helps to control focusing. Corneal diseases involve the cornea, anterior chamber of the eye, iris, lens, conjunctiva and eyelids. Corneal tissue consists of five basic layers: epithelium, Bowman’s layer, stroma, Descemet’s membrane and endothelium. The cornea contains no blood vessels to nourish or protect it against infection. The cornea receives its nourishment from the tears and aqueous humor that fill the chamber behind it.

The other term for eye surgery is ocular surgery. The surgery is performed on the eye or its adnexa, by an ophthalmologist. The eye is a very delicate organ, it requires utmost care before, during and after a surgical procedure to reduce or inhibit further damage. Now-a-days, it continues to be widely practiced types of surgery, and has improved and developed various techniques for treating eye problems.

Ocular pharmacology is the study about pharmacological agents which includes sympathomimetic, miotics, beta-blockers, prostaglandin agonists and carbonic anhydrase. Other agents include hyperosmotic agents and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Like any other skill, visual skills are developed as we grow. Since they are developed, they can generally be improved by therapy if they are not developing properly. In vision therapy, a doctor of optometry prescribes individually appropriate visual tasks and exercises to be practiced daily. Vision therapy is a progressive program of vision (exercises) or procedures which is performed under doctor supervision. Individualized to fit the visual needs of each patient which is generally conducted in-office, in once or twice weekly sessions of 30 minutes to an hour occasionally supplemented with procedures done at home between office visits depending on the case. The procedures are prescribed to: help patients develop or improve fundamental visual skills and abilities, improve visual comfort, ease, and efficiency, change how a patient processes or interprets visual information.

Vision therapy is a type of physical therapy for the eyes and brain it is a highly effective non-surgical treatment for many common visual problems such as convergence insufficiency, lazy eye, crossed eyes, double vision, and some reading and learning disabilities. It is a non-surgical and customized program of visual activities which is designed to correct definite visual problems and/or improve visual skills. Vision therapy is supervised by doctor. Vision therapy is used to develop vision skills such as eye coordination, eye movement control, contrast sensitivity and perception. It mainly focuses on many binocular vision anomalies which includes accommodative disorders, eye movement disorders, vergence disorders and the training of stereopsis.

Diagnosing retinal disease requires a combination of careful clinical examination and specialized imaging techniques. New imaging techniques enable non-invasive evaluation of ocular structures at a resolution of a few micrometres. This has led to a re-evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ocular disease. Imaging can be extremely specialized kind of treatment of disorders of vision science.

Now a day’s people are so addicted to smartphones that they may be increasing their risk of eye damage. Computer Vision Syndrome or Digital Eye Strain is similar to that of carpal tunnel syndrome and other repetitive motion injuries which you might get at work. Your eyes have to focus and refocus all the time, when you work at a computer. Due to overuse of smartphones patients suffer from myopia and hypermetropia. Your eyes react to the changing images on the screen to create so your brain can process what you’re seeing. Over exposure to blue-violet light has the possible to put us at greater risk of macular degeneration, which is the leading cause of blindness. Over use of smartphones or using a computer can cause discomfort in eyes.

 Optometrists are health care practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, diagnosis, detection and management of disease in the eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system. The main purpose of this study is a comparison of differently organised primary eye care systems, with special focus on the participation of optometrists and opticians.  In some European countries primary eye care services are provided exclusively by ophthalmologists, whereas in other countries there is a variety of a different profession who provide essential elements of eye and vision health care. In general, optometry is an advancement of optics, as the education of opticians has expanded to include clinical subjects. As a result, the scope of practice of optometrists has been enlarged to the performance of sight tests and comprehensive eye examinations on patients, whereas opticians focus traditionally on the fitting and dispensing of optical appliances.

An Ophthalmic Nurse cares for the people with eye disorders. Ophthalmic nurses are essential during operations, functioning as circulating or scrub nurses and assisting the surgical team. They also perform pre-operative assessments for patients before eye surgery. They cautiously position patients for surgery, verify the surgical site and help with the instruments without any harm. Ophthalmic Nurses help patients with glaucoma, cataracts and eye related diseases, and they work directly under an ophthalmologist. The main role of ophthalmic nurses in the development of visual care is that they can assess a patient’s visual potential his or her capability to function independently. Ophthalmic nurses provide necessary assistance to increase patients independence and overcome psychological problems. While physicians diagnose diseases, prescribe medications and perform surgeries, on the other hand nurses help patients to adapt new and persistent lifestyle-altering conditions. The future of ophthalmic nursing depends on the cultural, social and financial background of each community. The main objective of specialized nursing education processes is to train nurses to be quick, logical thinkers, even under pressure and during emergency situations. Ophthalmic nurses are ideal for this because of the intimate and close relationships they develop with patients, which allows nurses to better understand patient needs and demands. International organizations have developed a competency framework based on knowledge, ability, and interventions that significantly improve the likelihood of an ophthalmic nurse having a successful career. This framework defines the following three levels of clinical nurses: a competent nurse, an experienced/adept nurse, and a senior practitioner/expert nurse. Responsibilities of ophthalmic nurses include evaluating, diagnosing, treating, and discharging patients with ocular conditions and diseases/disorders. They also manage patients referred from general practitioners and primary healthcare units, perform initial screening, monitor disease progression, and assist with early treatment of chronic ocular conditions. These duties include performing minor interventions without supervision (e.g., minor procedures and adnexal surgery) and assisting in ophthalmic surgeries, including YAG laser capsulotomy. Ophthalmic nurses play a key role throughout the entire domain of ophthalmic health. Ophthalmic nurses contribute to cost-effective health care, which is of high priority to both government-funded and privately funded institutions.